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        <h1>Fundamentals</h1>
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      <div class="lesson">
        <div class="lesson-main">
          <p>This is the first article in a series of articles about three.js.
<a href="https://threejs.org">Three.js</a> is a 3D library that tries to make
it as easy as possible to get 3D content on a webpage.</p>
<p>Three.js is often confused with WebGL since more often than
not, but not always, three.js uses WebGL to draw 3D.
<a href="https://webglfundamentals.org">WebGL is a very low-level system that only draws points, lines, and triangles</a>.
To do anything useful with WebGL generally requires quite a bit of
code and that is where three.js comes in. It handles stuff
like scenes, lights, shadows, materials, textures, 3d math, all things that you'd
have to write yourself if you were to use WebGL directly.</p>
<p>These tutorials assume you already know JavaScript and, for the
most part they will use ES6 style. <a href="prerequisites.html">See here for a
terse list of things you're expected to already know</a>.
Most browsers that support three.js are auto-updated so most users should
be able to run this code. If you'd like to make this code run
on really old browsers look into a transpiler like <a href="https://babeljs.io">Babel</a>.
Of course users running really old browsers probably have machines
that can't run three.js.</p>
<p>When learning most programming languages the first thing people
do is make the computer print <code class="notranslate" translate="no">"Hello World!"</code>. For 3D one
of the most common first things to do is to make a 3D cube.
So let's start with "Hello Cube!"</p>
<p>Before we get started let's try to give you an idea of the structure
of a three.js app. A three.js app requires you to create a bunch of
objects and connect them together. Here's a diagram that represents
a small three.js app</p>
<div class="threejs_center"><img src="../resources/images/threejs-structure.svg" style="width: 768px;"></div>

<p>Things to notice about the diagram above.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>There is a <a href="/docs/#api/en/constants/Renderer"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Renderer</code></a>. This is arguably the main object of three.js. You pass a
<a href="/docs/#api/en/scenes/Scene"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Scene</code></a> and a <a href="/docs/#api/en/cameras/Camera"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Camera</code></a> to a <a href="/docs/#api/en/constants/Renderer"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Renderer</code></a> and it renders (draws) the portion of
the 3D scene that is inside the <em>frustum</em> of the camera as a 2D image to a
canvas.</p>
</li>
<li><p>There is a <a href="scenegraph.html">scenegraph</a> which is a tree like
structure, consisting of various objects like a <a href="/docs/#api/en/scenes/Scene"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Scene</code></a> object, multiple
<a href="/docs/#api/en/objects/Mesh"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Mesh</code></a> objects, <a href="/docs/#api/en/lights/Light"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Light</code></a> objects, <a href="/docs/#api/en/objects/Group"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Group</code></a>, <a href="/docs/#api/en/core/Object3D"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Object3D</code></a>, and <a href="/docs/#api/en/cameras/Camera"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Camera</code></a> objects. A
<a href="/docs/#api/en/scenes/Scene"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Scene</code></a> object defines the root of the scenegraph and contains properties like
the background color and fog. These objects define a hierarchical parent/child
tree like structure and represent where objects appear and how they are
oriented. Children are positioned and oriented relative to their parent. For
example the wheels on a car might be children of the car so that moving and
orienting the car's object automatically moves the wheels. You can read more
about this in <a href="scenegraph.html">the article on scenegraphs</a>.</p>
<p>Note in the diagram <a href="/docs/#api/en/cameras/Camera"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Camera</code></a> is half in half out of the scenegraph. This is to
represent that in three.js, unlike the other objects, a <a href="/docs/#api/en/cameras/Camera"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Camera</code></a> does not have
to be in the scenegraph to function. Just like other objects, a <a href="/docs/#api/en/cameras/Camera"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Camera</code></a>, as a
child of some other object, will move and orient relative to its parent object.
There is an example of putting multiple <a href="/docs/#api/en/cameras/Camera"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Camera</code></a> objects in a scenegraph at
the end of <a href="scenegraph.html">the article on scenegraphs</a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p><a href="/docs/#api/en/objects/Mesh"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Mesh</code></a> objects represent drawing a specific <code class="notranslate" translate="no">Geometry</code> with a specific
 <a href="/docs/#api/en/materials/Material"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Material</code></a>. Both <a href="/docs/#api/en/materials/Material"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Material</code></a> objects and <code class="notranslate" translate="no">Geometry</code> objects can be used by
 multiple <a href="/docs/#api/en/objects/Mesh"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Mesh</code></a> objects. For example to draw two blue cubes in different
 locations we could need two <a href="/docs/#api/en/objects/Mesh"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Mesh</code></a> objects to represent the position and
 orientation of each cube. We would only need one <code class="notranslate" translate="no">Geometry</code> to hold the vertex
 data for a cube and we would only need one <a href="/docs/#api/en/materials/Material"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Material</code></a> to specify the color
 blue. Both <a href="/docs/#api/en/objects/Mesh"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Mesh</code></a> objects could reference the same <code class="notranslate" translate="no">Geometry</code> object and the
 same <a href="/docs/#api/en/materials/Material"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Material</code></a> object.</p>
</li>
<li><p><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Geometry</code> objects represent the vertex data of some piece of geometry like
 a sphere, cube, plane, dog, cat, human, tree, building, etc...
 Three.js provides many kinds of built in
 <a href="primitives.html">geometry primitives</a>. You can also
 <a href="custom-buffergeometry.html">create custom geometry</a> as well as
 <a href="load-obj.html">load geometry from files</a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p><a href="/docs/#api/en/materials/Material"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Material</code></a> objects represent
<a href="materials.html">the surface properties used to draw geometry</a>
including things like the color to use and how shiny it is. A <a href="/docs/#api/en/materials/Material"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Material</code></a> can also
reference one or more <a href="/docs/#api/en/textures/Texture"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Texture</code></a> objects which can be used, for example,
to wrap an image onto the surface of a geometry.</p>
</li>
<li><p><a href="/docs/#api/en/textures/Texture"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Texture</code></a> objects generally represent images either <a href="textures.html">loaded from image files</a>,
<a href="canvas-textures.html">generated from a canvas</a> or <a href="rendertargets.html">rendered from another scene</a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p><a href="/docs/#api/en/lights/Light"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Light</code></a> objects represent <a href="lights.html">different kinds of lights</a>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Given all of that we're going to make the smallest <em>"Hello Cube"</em> setup
that looks like this</p>
<div class="threejs_center"><img src="../resources/images/threejs-1cube-no-light-scene.svg" style="width: 500px;"></div>

<p>First let's load three.js</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-html" translate="no">&lt;script type="module"&gt;
import * as THREE from 'three';
&lt;/script&gt;
</pre>
<p>It's important you put <code class="notranslate" translate="no">type="module"</code> in the script tag. This enables
us to use the <code class="notranslate" translate="no">import</code> keyword to load three.js. As of r147, this is the
only way to load three.js properly. Modules have the advantage that they can easily import other modules
they need. That saves us from having to manually load extra scripts
they are dependent on.</p>
<p>Next we need is a <code class="notranslate" translate="no">&lt;canvas&gt;</code> tag so...</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-html" translate="no">&lt;body&gt;
  &lt;canvas id="c"&gt;&lt;/canvas&gt;
&lt;/body&gt;
</pre>
<p>We will ask three.js to draw into that canvas so we need to look it up.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-html" translate="no">&lt;script type="module"&gt;
import * as THREE from 'three';

+function main() {
+  const canvas = document.querySelector('#c');
+  const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({antialias: true, canvas});
+  ...
&lt;/script&gt;
</pre>
<p>After we look up the canvas we create a <a href="/docs/#api/en/renderers/WebGLRenderer"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">WebGLRenderer</code></a>. The renderer
is the thing responsible for actually taking all the data you provide
and rendering it to the canvas.</p>
<p>Note there are some esoteric details here. If you don't pass a canvas
into three.js it will create one for you but then you have to add it
to your document. Where to add it may change depending on your use case
and you'll have to change your code so I find that passing a canvas
to three.js feels a little more flexible. I can put the canvas anywhere
and the code will find it whereas if I had code to insert the canvas
into to the document I'd likely have to change that code if my use case
changed.</p>
<p>Next up we need a camera. We'll create a <a href="/docs/#api/en/cameras/PerspectiveCamera"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">PerspectiveCamera</code></a>.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">const fov = 75;
const aspect = 2;  // the canvas default
const near = 0.1;
const far = 5;
const camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(fov, aspect, near, far);
</pre>
<p><code class="notranslate" translate="no">fov</code> is short for <code class="notranslate" translate="no">field of view</code>. In this case 75 degrees in the vertical
dimension. Note that most angles in three.js are in radians but for some
reason the perspective camera takes degrees.</p>
<p><code class="notranslate" translate="no">aspect</code> is the display aspect of the canvas. We'll go over the details
<a href="responsive.html">in another article</a> but by default a canvas is
 300x150 pixels which makes the aspect 300/150 or 2.</p>
<p><code class="notranslate" translate="no">near</code> and <code class="notranslate" translate="no">far</code> represent the space in front of the camera
that will be rendered. Anything before that range or after that range
will be clipped (not drawn).</p>
<p>Those four settings define a <em>"frustum"</em>. A <em>frustum</em> is the name of
a 3d shape that is like a pyramid with the tip sliced off. In other
words think of the word "frustum" as another 3D shape like sphere,
cube, prism, frustum.</p>
<p><img src="../resources/frustum-3d.svg" width="500" class="threejs_center"></p>
<p>The height of the near and far planes are determined by the field of view.
The width of both planes is determined by the field of view and the aspect.</p>
<p>Anything inside the defined frustum will be drawn. Anything outside
will not.</p>
<p>The camera defaults to looking down the -Z axis with +Y up. We'll put our cube
at the origin so we need to move the camera back a little from the origin
in order to see anything.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">camera.position.z = 2;
</pre>
<p>Here's what we're aiming for.</p>
<p><img src="../resources/scene-down.svg" width="500" class="threejs_center"></p>
<p>In the diagram above we can see our camera is at <code class="notranslate" translate="no">z = 2</code>. It's looking
down the -Z axis. Our frustum starts 0.1 units from the front of the camera
and goes to 5 units in front of the camera. Because in this diagram we are looking down,
the field of view is affected by the aspect. Our canvas is twice as wide
as it is tall so across the canvas the field of view will be much wider than
our specified 75 degrees which is the vertical field of view.</p>
<p>Next we make a <a href="/docs/#api/en/scenes/Scene"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Scene</code></a>. A <a href="/docs/#api/en/scenes/Scene"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Scene</code></a> in three.js is the root of a form of scene graph.
Anything you want three.js to draw needs to be added to the scene. We'll
cover more details of <a href="scenegraph.html">how scenes work in a future article</a>.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">const scene = new THREE.Scene();
</pre>
<p>Next up we create a <a href="/docs/#api/en/geometries/BoxGeometry"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">BoxGeometry</code></a> which contains the data for a box.
Almost anything we want to display in Three.js needs geometry which defines
the vertices that make up our 3D object.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">const boxWidth = 1;
const boxHeight = 1;
const boxDepth = 1;
const geometry = new THREE.BoxGeometry(boxWidth, boxHeight, boxDepth);
</pre>
<p>We then create a basic material and set its color. Colors can
be specified using standard CSS style 6 digit hex color values.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">const material = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({color: 0x44aa88});
</pre>
<p>We then create a <a href="/docs/#api/en/objects/Mesh"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Mesh</code></a>. A <a href="/docs/#api/en/objects/Mesh"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Mesh</code></a> in three.js represents the combination
of three things</p>
<ol>
<li>A <code class="notranslate" translate="no">Geometry</code> (the shape of the object)</li>
<li>A <a href="/docs/#api/en/materials/Material"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Material</code></a> (how to draw the object, shiny or flat, what color, what texture(s) to apply. Etc.)</li>
<li>The position, orientation, and scale of that object in the scene relative to its parent. In the code below that parent is the scene.</li>
</ol>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">const cube = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);
</pre>
<p>And finally we add that mesh to the scene</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">scene.add(cube);
</pre>
<p>We can then render the scene by calling the renderer's render function
and passing it the scene and the camera</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">renderer.render(scene, camera);
</pre>
<p>Here's a working example</p>
<p></p><div translate="no" class="threejs_example_container notranslate">
  <div><iframe class="threejs_example notranslate" translate="no" style=" " src="/manual/examples/resources/editor.html?url=/manual/examples/fundamentals.html"></iframe></div>
  <a class="threejs_center" href="/manual/examples/fundamentals.html" target="_blank">click here to open in a separate window</a>
</div>

<p></p>
<p>It's kind of hard to tell that is a 3D cube since we're viewing
it directly down the -Z axis and the cube itself is axis aligned
so we're only seeing a single face.</p>
<p>Let's animate it spinning and hopefully that will make
it clear it's being drawn in 3D. To animate it we'll render inside a render loop using
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/window/requestAnimationFrame"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">requestAnimationFrame</code></a>.</p>
<p>Here's our loop</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">function render(time) {
  time *= 0.001;  // convert time to seconds

  cube.rotation.x = time;
  cube.rotation.y = time;

  renderer.render(scene, camera);

  requestAnimationFrame(render);
}
requestAnimationFrame(render);
</pre>
<p><code class="notranslate" translate="no">requestAnimationFrame</code> is a request to the browser that you want to animate something.
You pass it a function to be called. In our case that function is <code class="notranslate" translate="no">render</code>. The browser
will call your function and if you update anything related to the display of the
page the browser will re-render the page. In our case we are calling three's
<code class="notranslate" translate="no">renderer.render</code> function which will draw our scene.</p>
<p><code class="notranslate" translate="no">requestAnimationFrame</code> passes the time since the page loaded to
our function. That time is passed in milliseconds. I find it's much
easier to work with seconds so here we're converting that to seconds.</p>
<p>We then set the cube's X and Y rotation to the current time. These rotations
are in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian">radians</a>. There are 2 pi radians
in a circle so our cube should turn around once on each axis in about 6.28
seconds.</p>
<p>We then render the scene and request another animation frame to continue
our loop.</p>
<p>Outside the loop we call <code class="notranslate" translate="no">requestAnimationFrame</code> one time to start the loop.</p>
<p></p><div translate="no" class="threejs_example_container notranslate">
  <div><iframe class="threejs_example notranslate" translate="no" style=" " src="/manual/examples/resources/editor.html?url=/manual/examples/fundamentals-with-animation.html"></iframe></div>
  <a class="threejs_center" href="/manual/examples/fundamentals-with-animation.html" target="_blank">click here to open in a separate window</a>
</div>

<p></p>
<p>It's a little better but it's still hard to see the 3d. What would help is to
add some lighting so let's add a light. There are many kinds of lights in
three.js which we'll go over in <a href="lights.html">a future article</a>. For now let's create a directional light.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">const color = 0xFFFFFF;
const intensity = 3;
const light = new THREE.DirectionalLight(color, intensity);
light.position.set(-1, 2, 4);
scene.add(light);
</pre>
<p>Directional lights have a position and a target. Both default to 0, 0, 0. In our
case we're setting the light's position to -1, 2, 4 so it's slightly on the left,
above, and behind our camera. The target is still 0, 0, 0 so it will shine
toward the origin.</p>
<p>We also need to change the material. The <a href="/docs/#api/en/materials/MeshBasicMaterial"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">MeshBasicMaterial</code></a> is not affected by
lights. Let's change it to a <a href="/docs/#api/en/materials/MeshPhongMaterial"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">MeshPhongMaterial</code></a> which is affected by lights.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">-const material = new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial({color: 0x44aa88});  // greenish blue
+const material = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({color: 0x44aa88});  // greenish blue
</pre>
<p>Here is our new program structure</p>
<div class="threejs_center"><img src="../resources/images/threejs-1cube-with-directionallight.svg" style="width: 500px;"></div>

<p>And here it is working.</p>
<p></p><div translate="no" class="threejs_example_container notranslate">
  <div><iframe class="threejs_example notranslate" translate="no" style=" " src="/manual/examples/resources/editor.html?url=/manual/examples/fundamentals-with-light.html"></iframe></div>
  <a class="threejs_center" href="/manual/examples/fundamentals-with-light.html" target="_blank">click here to open in a separate window</a>
</div>

<p></p>
<p>It should now be pretty clearly 3D.</p>
<p>Just for the fun of it let's add 2 more cubes.</p>
<p>We'll use the same geometry for each cube but make a different
material so each cube can be a different color.</p>
<p>First we'll make a function that creates a new material
with the specified color. Then it creates a mesh using
the specified geometry and adds it to the scene and
sets its X position.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">function makeInstance(geometry, color, x) {
  const material = new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial({color});

  const cube = new THREE.Mesh(geometry, material);
  scene.add(cube);

  cube.position.x = x;

  return cube;
}
</pre>
<p>Then we'll call it 3 times with 3 different colors and X positions
saving the <a href="/docs/#api/en/objects/Mesh"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Mesh</code></a> instances in an array.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">const cubes = [
  makeInstance(geometry, 0x44aa88,  0),
  makeInstance(geometry, 0x8844aa, -2),
  makeInstance(geometry, 0xaa8844,  2),
];
</pre>
<p>Finally we'll spin all 3 cubes in our render function. We
compute a slightly different rotation for each one.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">function render(time) {
  time *= 0.001;  // convert time to seconds

  cubes.forEach((cube, ndx) =&gt; {
    const speed = 1 + ndx * .1;
    const rot = time * speed;
    cube.rotation.x = rot;
    cube.rotation.y = rot;
  });

  ...
</pre>
<p>and here's that.</p>
<p></p><div translate="no" class="threejs_example_container notranslate">
  <div><iframe class="threejs_example notranslate" translate="no" style=" " src="/manual/examples/resources/editor.html?url=/manual/examples/fundamentals-3-cubes.html"></iframe></div>
  <a class="threejs_center" href="/manual/examples/fundamentals-3-cubes.html" target="_blank">click here to open in a separate window</a>
</div>

<p></p>
<p>If you compare it to the top down diagram above you can see
it matches our expectations. With cubes at X = -2 and X = +2
they are partially outside our frustum. They are also
somewhat exaggeratedly warped since the field of view
across the canvas is so extreme.</p>
<p>Our program now has this structure</p>
<div class="threejs_center"><img src="../resources/images/threejs-3cubes-scene.svg" style="width: 610px;"></div>

<p>As you can see we have 3 <a href="/docs/#api/en/objects/Mesh"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Mesh</code></a> objects each referencing the same <a href="/docs/#api/en/geometries/BoxGeometry"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">BoxGeometry</code></a>.
Each <a href="/docs/#api/en/objects/Mesh"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">Mesh</code></a> references a unique <a href="/docs/#api/en/materials/MeshPhongMaterial"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">MeshPhongMaterial</code></a> so that each cube can have
a different color.</p>
<p>I hope this short intro helps to get things started. <a href="responsive.html">Next up we'll cover
making our code responsive so it is adaptable to multiple situations</a>.</p>
<div id="es6" class="threejs_bottombar">
<h3>es6 modules, three.js, and folder structure</h3>
<p>As of version r147 the preferred way to use three.js is via <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/import">es6 modules</a> and import maps.</p>
<p>
es6 modules can be loaded via the <code class="notranslate" translate="no">import</code> keyword in a script
or inline via a <code class="notranslate" translate="no">&lt;script type="module"&gt;</code> tag. Here's an example
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-html" translate="no">&lt;script type="module"&gt;
import * as THREE from 'three';

...

&lt;/script&gt;
</pre>
<p>
Notice <code class="notranslate" translate="no">'three'</code> specifier there. If you leave it as it is, it will likely produce an error. An <i>import map</i> should be used to tell the browser where to find three.js
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-html" translate="no">&lt;script type="importmap"&gt;
{
  "imports": {
    "three": "./path/to/three.module.js"
  }
}
&lt;/script&gt;
</pre>
<p>
Note that path specifier can start only with <code class="notranslate" translate="no">./</code> or <code class="notranslate" translate="no">../</code>.
</p>
<p>
To import addons like <a href="https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/blob/master/examples/jsm/controls/OrbitControls.js"><code class="notranslate" translate="no">OrbitControls.js</code></a> use the following
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-js" translate="no">import {OrbitControls} from 'three/addons/controls/OrbitControls.js';
</pre>
<p>
Don't forget to add addons to the import map like so
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-html" translate="no">&lt;script type="importmap"&gt;
{
  "imports": {
    "three": "./path/to/three.module.js",
    "three/addons/": "./different/path/to/examples/jsm/"
  }
}
&lt;/script&gt;
</pre>
<p>
You can also use a CDN
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-html" translate="no">&lt;script type="importmap"&gt;
{
  "imports": {
    "three": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/three@&lt;version&gt;/build/three.module.js",
    "three/addons/": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/three@&lt;version&gt;/examples/jsm/"
  }
}
&lt;/script&gt;
</pre>
<p>
To conclude, the recommended way of using three.js is
</p>
<pre class="prettyprint showlinemods notranslate lang-html" translate="no">
&lt;script type="importmap"&gt;
{
  "imports": {
    "three": "./path/to/three.module.js",
    "three/addons/": "./different/path/to/examples/jsm/"
  }
}
&lt;/script&gt;

&lt;script type="module"&gt;
import * as THREE from 'three';
import {OrbitControls} from 'three/addons/controls/OrbitControls.js';

...

&lt;/script&gt;
</pre>
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